I arrived in Baghdad on April 10, 2003, the day after a Marine tank felled the imposing statue of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad’s Firdaus Square. At the time, I thought my 12-hour drive from Kuwait, in a sport utility vehicle that lacked armored plates, was the most dangerous thing I’d ever do. We passed rock-throwing bandits, American helicopter gunships strafing Republican Guard holdouts, and looters ransacking government buildings. We stopped in Baghdad’s southern outskirts to watch soldiers pursuing fedayeen armed with rocket-propelled grenades.

How wrong I was.

Over the next 18 months, as Baghdad bureau chief for The Washington Post, I encountered real danger. I was in a hotel that was struck by a suicide car bomber. I missed driving over a pulverizing roadside bomb by seconds. And I spent two weeks embedded with Marines in Fallujah, taking incoming fire as they sought to clear the city of hard-core insurgents.

When I needed a respite, I went into the Green Zone, the seven-square-mile American enclave in central Baghdad surrounded by concrete walls and razor wire. There I could eat pork bacon for breakfast. I could chill out in a bar. I could buy Doritos and Dr Pepper from the PX. The Green Zone was a perfect rest-and-recreation spot. There were pools, gyms and Chinese restaurants. The problem was that for most Americans in Baghdad save for journalists like myself it wasn’t just for relaxing. It was where they lived and worked and spent almost all of their time.

From inside the Green Zone, the real Baghdad the checkpoints, the bombed-out buildings, the paralyzing traffic jams could have been a world away. The horns, the gunshots, the muezzin’s call to prayer, never drifted over the walls. The fear on the faces of American troops was rarely seen by the denizens of the palace. The acrid smoke of a detonated car bomb didn’t fill the air. The sub-Saharan privation and Wild West lawlessness that gripped one of the world’s most ancient cities swirled around the walls, but on the inside, the calm sterility of an American subdivision prevailed.

The disconnect between life in this bubble and life in the rest of Iraq is a key theme of my book, Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq’s Green Zone. The book tells the story of the people and ideas that inhabited the Green Zone dur- ing the occupation, from Viceroy L. Paul Bremer III to the fleet of 20-somethings hired to implement the idea that Americans could build a Jeffersonian democracy in an embattled Middle Eastern country. I describe how Bremer ignored what Iraqis told him they wanted, or needed, and instead pursued irrelevant neoconservative solutions: a flat tax, a sell-off of Iraqi government assets and an end to food rations. I detail how his underlings spent their days drawing up pie-in-the-sky policies, among them a new traffic code and a law protecting microchip designs, instead of rebuilding looted buildings and restoring electricity production. These almost-comic initiatives angered Iraqis and helped fuel the insurgency.

Reporting the book in the Green Zone was the easy part. Waving my American passport and submitting to three separate pat-downs was all it took to get inside. Of course, I did encounter plenty of people who didn’t want to talk to me, or refused to speak candidly, but my travails in the Emerald City were nothing compared to life outside.

In the first few months after Baghdad’s liberation, the house I rented had just two guards, each working 12-hour shifts. As the security situation deteriorated, I hired more guards and bought them more powerful weapons. We reinforced our walls with sandbags and barbed wire. By early 2004, I joked that I had a small militia working for me. We didn’t know it at the time, but our fortifications were noticed by the bad guys, who found new ways to target us. One morning, they bombed the home of a Post translator. He and his family survived, and we relocated them outside Iraq, but it sent us an unambiguous message: We were in the insurgents’ sights.

As roadside bombings became more prevalent, The Post bought the bureau two $90,000 armored Jeep Cherokees. But when they arrived, I realized we had a problem: The shiny silver paint was too conspicuous. The SUVs looked like they belonged to foreign contractors. It was as if they had a big bull’s-eye on them. Risking the wrath of my bosses, I sent the vehicles to Baghdad’s Sadr City slum. Sixty dollars later, the shiny paint was sandblasted off and taxi decals were affixed to the sides. It was urban camouflage.

The trick worked for a while, but when contractors started doing the same thing, I gave up on the armored vehicles and got back in a soft-skinned sedan. As the months passed, the danger mounted. In late 2003, I was in the Baghdad Hotel when it was car bombed. Had the window behind me not been covered with Mylar film, I almost certainly would have been diced with glass shards. A few weeks later, on a drive outside Baghdad, I passed what I thought was a traffic accident. Two cars were on fire. Dozens of people were milling in the road. As I drove by, the mob appeared to be celebrating. When I returned to Baghdad, I learned why: The burned corpses I saw on the road were those of seven Spanish intelligence agents who had been ambushed moments earlier.

I eventually came to conclude that Iraq did not have to turn out the way it has. The Americans who were assigned to govern and reconstruct Iraq in the crucial first months after liberation should have focused on pragmatic policies getting people back to work, improving security and rebuilding the shattered infrastructure instead of the pie-in-the-sky initiatives that I detail in Imperial Life in the Emerald City.

Would that have made a difference? We’ll never know for sure, but doing a better job of governance and reconstruction almost certainly would have kept many Iraqis from taking up arms against their new leaders and the Americans. There still would have been an insurgency, led by zealots who saw no room for compromise, but perhaps it would have been smaller and more containable.

If this place succeeds, an American friend who worked for the occupation administration told me, it will be in spite of what we did, not because of it. Rajiv Chandrasekaran is an assistant managing editor of The Washington Post, where he was Baghdad bureau chief from April 2003 to September 2004. His website is www.rajivc.com.

<b>Grandmother’s gift inspires a lifelong fascination</b> It was my grandmother who first got me interested in assassination. I was born on Lincoln’s birthday, February 12. When I was a child, from as far back as I can remember, I received Lincoln books, trinkets, medals and souvenirs as gifts. When I was 10 years old, I discovered the dark side of the Lincoln story. That’s when my grandmother Elizabeth, a veteran of the long-vanished, legendary Chicago tabloid newspaper scene, gave me what some might consider an odd gift for a child a framed engraving of John Wilkes Booth’s Deringer pistol, the one he used to murder Abraham Lincoln. Framed with this engraving was a clipping from the Chicago Tribune dated April 15, 1865, the day Lincoln died.

Unfortunately the clipping was incomplete, so when I was a child, I could read only part of the story. The article described the pistol attack on the president, Booth’s leap to the stage at Ford’s Theatre, the vicious knifing of Secretary of State Seward, and Booth’s escape across the stage and race to the back door leading out to the alley and then . . . nothing. Someone had cut off the rest of the story so the clipping would fit within the frame! I must have read that article hundreds of times over the next few years. I remember vividly one night when I read that clipping over and over and thought, I want to read the rest of the story. Little did I know that one day, I would write about that story in not one, but a series of books devoted to the end of the Civil War, Lincoln’s last days and his assassination and its unforgettable impact on American history and myth. And so it was my grandmother’s gift a priceless relic that still hangs on my wall that triggered my lifelong obsession with the Lincoln assassination and inspired me to write Manhunt: The 12-Day Chase for Lincoln’s Killer and Lincoln’s Assassins: Their Trial and Execution. One of the most thrilling things I did as part of the research for my books was to acquire an entire run of rare, original issues of the Chicago Tribune about 100 newspapers from the end of the Civil War through the death of Lincoln and the trial of the conspirators. Whenever I look at them I am overcome with fond memories of my grandmother Elizabeth. When I grew older and learned more about Lincoln, I began collecting at a more advanced level books from the Civil War, newspapers, posters announcing the death of Lincoln, original prints and photographs and more. In high school, instead of buying a used car, I purchased one of the rare original reward posters offering a $100,000 reward for the Lincoln assassins. Once I got to college, I studied the assassination of Lincoln, and his era, ever more seriously. I was a student of John Hope Franklin at the University of Chicago and took his wonderful courses on the Civil War era and on the history of the American South. Manhunt and Lincoln’s Assassins are the result of a lifetime of study, plus several years of intensive research and writing. I’ve assembled a reference library of several thousand books, relics, documents and illustrations covering Abraham Lincoln, the presidency, the Civil War and 19th-century American history. Much of what I needed for Manhunt and Lincoln’s Assassins was already sitting on my shelves. I just needed to open these books and read them again. I also consulted my extensive collection of Civil War newspapers. Having so many priceless sources in my home library allowed me to work all day and then deep into the night my favorite time for research and writing. Public libraries close at night. My library was open 24 hours a day. These primary sources were absolutely essential. I could not have written the books without my collection of original materials.

I’ve tried to share many of these pieces in Lincoln’s Assassins, a book I consider the pictorial companion to Manhunt. Lincoln’s Assassins contains almost 300 color plates of the rare objects that have inspired my research, including the first publication ever of the entire series of Alexander Gardner’s notorious and haunting photographs of the hanging of the Lincoln conspirators. The book is a scrapbook that I hope will transport readers back to the saddest days in American history.

Of course, there are a number of wonderful relics that I haven’t discovered. Number one is Sergeant Boston Corbett’s pistol the one he used to shoot and kill John Wilkes Booth. It was a prize relic, even at the time. Collectors offered Corbett up to $1,000 for the pistol. He refused, but soon enough it was stolen from him, and it’s now been lost to history. The person who took it surely must have known its value, but I imagine that as it passed from hand to hand, and generation to generation, its history and importance have been lost. I’m betting that somewhere out there, a collector owns the revolver used to kill John Wilkes Booth and he doesn’t even know he has it. And then there are the Booth autopsy photos that vanished within days of his death.

For me, the manhunt for Booth and the trial and execution of his conspirators continues. I’m still researching the topic, and I’m still hoping to discover other relics, letters, documents, or photographs that have been lost for more than a century, and that I can use in my next book about the thrilling manhunt for Jefferson Davis and the astounding, nationwide funeral events for Abraham Lincoln. This is the most alluring thing about writing history. The story never really ends, and you never know what amazing thing you might discover tomorrow.

<i>James L. Swanson is a legal scholar with the Heritage Foundation in Washington, D.C. Manhunt, his account of the search for John Wilkes Booth and his conspirators, spent 13 weeks on the</i> New York Times <i>bestseller list and has 250,000 copies in print. A movie version starring Harrison Ford is currently in pre-production.</i> Lincoln’s Assassins, <i>a book co-written in 2001 by Swanson and Daniel R. Weinberg, is being brought back into print this fall in a new edition from William Morrow.</i>

Every great war correspondent has an important story that got away—that was banned by someone in authority, censored into silence and never appeared. For my father, it was linked to one of the cataclysmic events of the 20th century.

As the first outsider to reach Nagasaki, in September 1945, four weeks after the Japanese city was torched by the atomic bomb and still under a news blackout, he defied the orders of Gen. MacArthur forbidding reporters from entering either of the nuclear cities. After sneaking in by boat and train and brazenly telling the Japanese military he was not a newspaperman but a U.S. colonel, he wrote dispatch after dispatch of the greatest scoop of his career indeed, one of the great scoops of the century only to see it all killed by MacArthur's censors. His stories never reached his editors at the Chicago Daily News, and until recently, were believed lost.

When I was growing up, dreaming of becoming a writer myself, this was one of his life's adventures I most loved hearing about. He told me, as a wide-eyed boy, of daring to make his way into a bomb-shattered city before our own soldiers or doctors reached it, of how he'd impersonated an officer and defied a censorious general, and finally the tragedy of seeing his most important stories erased by his own government. He left out the horror of all he'd experienced, naturally, but for safe-keeping he did give me the War Correspondent badge he'd kept hidden in his back pocket in Nagasaki. (It's on the cover of the book, alongside photos he took, also censored.) My father, George Weller (1907-2002), was among the eminent American reporters of his era, winner of a 1954 George Polk Award and a 1943 Pulitzer Prize for a story about an emergency appendectomy performed in a submarine caught in enemy waters. He made his name as a courageous foreign correspondent during World War II, and was one of the few to cover every principal theater of war Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Having begun as a novelist during the Depression, much of his life was spent overseas, and across six decades he reported from all the continents. During the 1930s he wrote on the Balkans for the New York Times, and in 1940 joined the rival foreign staff of the Chicago Daily News, then syndicated in over 60 papers. From the 1950s on, he covered principally the Middle East, the Mediterranean, the Soviet Union and Africa. In 1975 he retired, but continued to write from his house on the Italian coast, south of Rome.

After a week in Nagasaki, touring the ruins and makeshift hospitals, and interviewing the doomed and the Japanese doctors who had already catalogued the effects of radiation, my father left to visit Allied POW camps 30 miles away most of whose prisoners still didn't know the war was over, though they'd seen the mushroom clouds. He wrote story after story from the camps, taking down each tortured man's saga, detailing years of slave labor in coal mines. The POW dispatches were suppressed, too.

As a result of those interviews, he was able to write The Death Cruise, a narrative about the most deadly Japanese hellship, which carried 1,600 American prisoners from the Philippines to prison camps near Nagasaki. After weeks of dehydration, starvation, murder, bombings by our own planes, and even cannibalism, only 300 survived.

Thwarted by the censors, my father finally gave up on Nagasaki and moved on. His own copy of the dispatches (MacArthur destroyed the originals) soon went astray in a life of covering wars around the world. It was one of the frustrations of his later years that these stories, among the most important of his career, were lost not only to posterity but to him.

Six months after his death, in his house by the Mediterranean, I discovered the typescripts in a mildewed crate crumbling, moldy, but still afire with all they had to say. They had been waiting, one room over from where he sat, ever more faintly remembering; and my triumph was tempered by a sadness that he had died believing them vanished.

Hundreds of newspapers worldwide carried the story. I was interviewed by CNN, ABC, NPR, the BBC. My father would've been gratified. As it turned out, in several weeks he had inadvertently written a book which raises many questions not just about the atomic bomb and the prison camps, but about censorship and the responsibilities of a reporter. In First Into Nagasaki: The Censored Eyewitness Dispatches on Post-Atomic Japan and Its Prisoners of War, Walter Cronkite has contributed a foreword, and I've added a historical essay. Now, 60 years late, the world can see what he saw. Anthony Weller is the author of three novels (most recently, The Siege of Salt Cove) and a memoir of India and Pakistan. He has traveled widely for numerous magazines and is also well known as a musician. His website is www.anthonyweller.com.

Way leads onto way, and book leads onto book. While researching my book Blue Latitudes, about the voyages of Captain Cook, I became fascinated by first contact between alien cultures. In the late 18th century, Cook and his sailors reached dozens of Pacific lands never before seen or even imagined by Europeans. What did they make of the people and places they encountered, and what did Aborigines, Maoris and Hawaiians make of them? This moment of mutual discovery is an experience we simply can’t have today, no matter how far we travel.

Near the end of my research, at an archive in Australia, I came upon an art historian’s study of the painters aboard Cook’s ships. The author compared English portraits of Polynesians to those done by the first European artist in North America – a painter, the book said, who came with 300 French Protestants to colonize Florida, in 1564.

My first reaction was, This Aussie art historian has his facts mixed up. French pilgrims, in Florida, almost 60 years before the Mayflower’s arrival in Massachusetts? Pas possible! I filed this factoid away for future investigation, focused on finishing my Cook book, and forgot all about it.

Until, a year or so later, when I found myself back home in America, on a road trip through New England. Pulling in one night at Plymouth, I went for a morning walk to find the famed site of the Pilgrims’ landing. Having never seen Plymouth Rock, I was startled to discover a small, cracked boulder squatting in a dirty sand pit. But as I pondered the pathetic Rock, I realized something else: Though I’d just published a book about first contact in the Pacific, I knew next to nothing about the parallel story in my native land.

Columbus sailed the ocean blue in fourteen-hundred-and-ninety two. . . . John Smith reached Jamestown in sixteen-oh-something. . . . Myles Standish and the Mayflower Compact – that was about the sum of what I dredged up. Surely there was more. Who were the first Europeans to reach North America? Whom did they encounter? What happened? I decided to find out, and the result is A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World. One of the first things I discovered was that there’s much more to the story than I realized at the start. Vikings who crossed the North Atlantic a thousand years ago and settled a shore they called Vinland; Spanish conquistadors who rampaged across the U.S. continent a century before the first English settled; castaways and pirates and missionaries who roamed and dreamed and often died in the wilds of America; and yes, French Protestants who did in fact found a colony near Jacksonville, before all but two of the Mayflower passengers were born.

My research also carried me outside the library, to see where the explorers went and what mark their exploits have left in the present day. I traipsed from sub-arctic Newfoundland to the Caribbean tropics to desert New Mexico, and many points in between. I met descendants of the native peoples the European first-comers encountered: Micmac, Zuni, Wampanoag, Pamunkey. Like the early explorers, I also had adventures of my own, paddling the Mississippi, marching in 60 pounds of conquistador armor, sipping from Ponce de Le – n’s Fountain of Youth.

The more I learned and saw, the more I wondered why Americans have forgotten the first chapter of their European history – a chapter filled with drama, death, discovery and dark comedy. The true story of America’s founding is pulp nonfiction compared to the creation myth of pious Pilgrims dining with gentle Indians. It’s also critical to understanding how America became the vast, diverse and often divided country we inhabit today.

The title of my book comes from a passage about Columbus’ first landing in America, when he and his men fell to their knees, "thanking God who had requited them after a voyage so long and strange." After the long, strange journey that became this book, I feel as though I’ve rediscovered America – and I can appreciate a little of the marvel and relief that Columbus must have felt.

As he demonstrated in the bestsellers Confederates in the Attic and Baghdad Without a Map, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Tony Horwitz is no stranger to roaming the U.S. and the world. His adventures continue in A Voyage Long and Strange, which chronicles his road trip in search of North America’s earliest visitors and their lingering impact on American culture. Horwitz lives in Martha’s Vineyard with his wife, novelist Geraldine Brooks, and their son, Nathaniel.

Christopher Winn is an author and pub quiz master who knows everything there is to know about the history of the British Isles. In his new book, I Never Knew That About the Irish, Winn shares some of the lesser known facts about the country's storied past—including some of their contributions to our own country.

For a people from a quiet, windswept, dazzlingly beautiful little island on the western fringe of Europe, the Irish sure have made an impact. Here is my top 10 of Irish contributions to America.

Great Seal. Designed by Charles Thomson, born Upperlands, Co. Derry in 1730. He moved to the US aged 11 and became permanent secretary of the Continental Congress. As well as designing the deeply symbolic Great Seal of America, he also wrote and signed the first draft of the Declaration of Independence.

Dollar Sign. Designed by Oliver Pollock, born Coleraine, Co. Derry in 1737. He became a plantation owner in Spanish New Orleans and used his connections to supply and finance the Americans during the Revolutionary War. Business was conducted in Spanish pesos for which the abbreviation was a large 'P' with a small 's' above it to the right. Pollock adapted this to the upward stroke of the P running through the S, or $.

America's First National Hero. Richard Montgomery, born Raphoe, Co. Donegal in 1738. He left the British army to settle in New York and in 1775 joined the Continental Army as a Brigadier General. Led the invasion of Canada, capturing Montreal, but was killed during the assault on Quebec, the first American general to die in the Revolution. Gave his name to Alabama’s state capital.

White House. Designed by James Hoban, born Desart, Co. Kilkenny in 1762. He emigrated to America aged 27 and won the competition to design the new 'President's House' in Washington, which he based on Leinster House in Dublin, now home to Ireland's national parliament.

22 Presidents (23 with Martin Sheen’s President Bartlet). Half of the 44 US Presidents to date boast of Irish blood, including Barack Obama, whose maternal ancestors came from Moneygall, Co. Offaly.

Paddle Steamer. Invented by Robert Fulton, whose parents emigrated from Callan, Co. Kilkenny, just before he was born in 1765.

Submarine. Invented by John P. Holland, born Liscannor, Co. Clare, in 1841. He emigrated to Boston aged 30 and invented the world's first practical submersible, the Holland I, launched on the Passaic River, New Jersey in 1877. A later version, the Holland IV, was bought by the US Navy to form the world's first submarine fleet.

Coca Cola. John Pemberton’s tonic was made into the world’s most popular soft drink by the marketing genius of Asa Griggs Candler, whose ancestors emigrated from Callan, Co. Kilkenny.

Mickey Mouse. Walt Disney’s ancestors hail from Co. Kilkenny. His early partner Pat Powers, co-founder of Universal Studios and the man who enabled Mickey Mouse to speak, was born in Co Waterford in 1870.

Golden Gate Bridge. Financed by the Mellon Bank, founded in Pittsburgh by Thomas Mellon, born Cappagh, Co. Tyrone, in 1813. The Mellon Bank also provided the funds to found Gulf Oil, U.S Steel, Heinz, General Motors and the world’s biggest company, ExxonMobil (originally Standard Oil).

Bet you never knew that!

Award-winning writer Thomas Mallon reveals the lifelong fascination that inspired his haunting new book on the Kennedy assassination.

You’ve been studying this all your life,” said Ruth Paine, when I sat down to interview her in the summer of 2000. She was realizing something I had only begun to understand myself: my work-in-progress was really my oldest book.

Ruth was probably the most important witness before the Warren Commission in 1964 (her testimony occupies more pages than anyone else’s), and with the exception of Mrs. Lee Harvey Oswald, she is the only surviving central figure in the story of John F. Kennedy’s assassination. As a young housewife and committed Quaker who had been studying the Russian language, Ruth Paine befriended Lee and Marina Oswald after she met them at a party in Dallas in early 1963. Within months, Marina was living with her in suburban Irving, where Oswald would come to visit on the weekends. Unbeknownst to Ruth, who helped him get his job at the Texas School Book Depository, Oswald was keeping his rifle in her garage.

I turned 12 the month President Kennedy was assassinated. I was already a history enthusiast, and I would grow up to be a novelist whose characters, ordinary people, often stumbled into historical events. In 1994, I published Henry and Clara, the fictional story of Major Henry Rathbone and Clara Harris, the engaged couple who accompanied the Lincolns to Ford’s Theatre on April 14, 1865. It was my work on this book that reawakened my interest in Ruth Paine, whose own sudden enmeshment in an assassination I’d been aware of since 1963.

Where was she now living? What had happened to her? How had she survived the betrayals and suspicions and immense media attention she had once experienced? I decided I wanted to approach these questions head-on—not in a novel, but this time in a work of nonfiction that would also explore the Kennedy murder’s enduring, mythic place in modern American history.

Almost four years passed between my initial approach to Ruth and her agreeing to the extensive conversations I had in mind. Getting ready for those long, sometimes emotional interviews involved a great deal of preparation, especially at the National Archives. Among the thousands of relevant documents there, I discovered copies of some very personal material—family letters, school essays, written reflections—that had once been inside a file box in Ruth’s garage, just feet from where Oswald kept his rifle. The Dallas police had seized these papers, without a warrant, on the afternoon of November 22, 1963.

A few months after my interviews with Ruth, I went to Texas and asked the current owners of her old ranch house if I could look around. By that time I had come to regard its garage as the strange emotional center of the story I was telling. Along with the deadly secret Oswald was keeping from Ruth—the rifle, which he came to retrieve on the night of November 21st—the garage had contained, in those private papers, the essence of Ruth’s shining personality and values. This still ordinary-looking suburban space, where both Ruth and Lee had spent time on the night before the assassination—he packing up his gun, and she, an hour or so later, painting blocks for her children—had been, all that fall, the storehouse for both good and evil.

Thirty-seven years later, I left that garage having internalized so much tension that the muscles between my neck and shoulders began to lock. The following morning, when I got up in my Dallas hotel room, I was in such pain that I could barely move. The front desk ordered me a taxi, so that I could get some relief at a local emergency room. Within minutes I found myself being treated at Parkland Hospital, where both President Kennedy and Lee Harvey Oswald had died in November 1963.

“It remains, emotionally, very fresh,” Ruth said of the assassination, in the summer of 2000. I am immensely grateful for her cooperation during the past two years, which extended to the portion of Mrs. Paine’s Garage that appeared in The New Yorker this past fall. One phone call to Ruth from the magazine’s fact-checker was scheduled for the morning of September 11, 2001—which now stands with November 22, 1963, as one of the few days all Americans remember for exactly where they were and what they were doing when they heard a piece of dreadful news.

Thomas Mallon is an award-winning novelist and essayist whose work has appeared in The American Scholar, GQ and The New Yorker.